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11.
Подробнее
74
K91
Kulmagambetova, S. S.
APPROACHES IN EDUCATIONAL TRAINING [Текст] / Kulmagambetova S.S. // БҚМУ Хабаршысы = Вестник ЗКГУ . - 2016. - №4. - P. 46-55
ББК 74
Рубрики: Pedagogy
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
Research principle -- Problem-based learning -- axonomy of educational -- scholarly discussion --
Аннотация: The main task of education is to prepare high-quality specialists, who will be able to realize themselves in the labor market. In this connection, there is the reform of education and introduced technical innovations. However, teaching system is traditional – the teacher transfers the knowledge to students. This approach reduces the student's interest in the educational process and the creative thinking is not forming. In this regard, it is necessary to introduce the principle of a research-training program, in which the student will search for a solution. This will enable the student to expand scientific horizons, to develop research activities and creative thinking. Therefore, this article provides two main methodologies of research training. Achieving this goal requires scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, summarized experience of domestic and foreign scientists on the considered issues. The first type of research training is a problem-based learning. This method is based on the use of heuristic methods and consists of eight terms. Problem-based learning can be used as part of a class, subject or all academic course. The second type of research training is the discussion. Discussion involves conferences, debates, forums and symposiums. Thus, students will be able to solve the problems collectively, exchange ideas and to learn how to work in a team. Thus, the research training can increase students’ motivation to raise their success level and develop the necessary personal and professional skills.
Держатели документа:
WKSU
Доп.точки доступа:
Wünsch, Thomas
Imanalina, G.M.
K91
Kulmagambetova, S. S.
APPROACHES IN EDUCATIONAL TRAINING [Текст] / Kulmagambetova S.S. // БҚМУ Хабаршысы = Вестник ЗКГУ . - 2016. - №4. - P. 46-55
Рубрики: Pedagogy
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
Research principle -- Problem-based learning -- axonomy of educational -- scholarly discussion --
Аннотация: The main task of education is to prepare high-quality specialists, who will be able to realize themselves in the labor market. In this connection, there is the reform of education and introduced technical innovations. However, teaching system is traditional – the teacher transfers the knowledge to students. This approach reduces the student's interest in the educational process and the creative thinking is not forming. In this regard, it is necessary to introduce the principle of a research-training program, in which the student will search for a solution. This will enable the student to expand scientific horizons, to develop research activities and creative thinking. Therefore, this article provides two main methodologies of research training. Achieving this goal requires scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, summarized experience of domestic and foreign scientists on the considered issues. The first type of research training is a problem-based learning. This method is based on the use of heuristic methods and consists of eight terms. Problem-based learning can be used as part of a class, subject or all academic course. The second type of research training is the discussion. Discussion involves conferences, debates, forums and symposiums. Thus, students will be able to solve the problems collectively, exchange ideas and to learn how to work in a team. Thus, the research training can increase students’ motivation to raise their success level and develop the necessary personal and professional skills.
Держатели документа:
WKSU
Доп.точки доступа:
Wünsch, Thomas
Imanalina, G.M.
12.
Подробнее
74
K49
Kismetova , G.
COMPETENCE APPROACH AS A METHODOLOGICAL BASIS OF FORMATION OF GRAMMAICAL COMPETENCE OF FUTURE TEACHERS [Текст] / Kismetova G.,Karabay A. // БҚМУ Хабаршысы = Вестник ЗКГУ . - 2016. - №4. - P. 92-97
ББК 74
Рубрики: Pedagogy
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
Competence -- competence approach -- grammatical concept -- grammatical competence -- communicative approach -- conceptual approach
Аннотация: The present stage of development of society is characterized by increased attention to improving the educational process and education.According to experts competitiveness of human in the modern labor market is largely dependent on its ability to acquire and develop the skills and competencies that can be applied to a variety of situations. Competence approach in training is manifested in the development of a new activity for the entity when it acquires the ability to perform new student or the student's actions. Competence - a direct result of education, expressed by students in mastering a certain set ways of life. They begin to manage their activities, using a variety of educational outcomes, creating their own "resource package", that necessary for the formation of competence.
Держатели документа:
WKSU
Доп.точки доступа:
Karabay, A.
K49
Kismetova , G.
COMPETENCE APPROACH AS A METHODOLOGICAL BASIS OF FORMATION OF GRAMMAICAL COMPETENCE OF FUTURE TEACHERS [Текст] / Kismetova G.,Karabay A. // БҚМУ Хабаршысы = Вестник ЗКГУ . - 2016. - №4. - P. 92-97
Рубрики: Pedagogy
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
Competence -- competence approach -- grammatical concept -- grammatical competence -- communicative approach -- conceptual approach
Аннотация: The present stage of development of society is characterized by increased attention to improving the educational process and education.According to experts competitiveness of human in the modern labor market is largely dependent on its ability to acquire and develop the skills and competencies that can be applied to a variety of situations. Competence approach in training is manifested in the development of a new activity for the entity when it acquires the ability to perform new student or the student's actions. Competence - a direct result of education, expressed by students in mastering a certain set ways of life. They begin to manage their activities, using a variety of educational outcomes, creating their own "resource package", that necessary for the formation of competence.
Держатели документа:
WKSU
Доп.точки доступа:
Karabay, A.
13.
Подробнее
65
U44
Umirzak, Shayakhmet
REASSESSING EFFICIENCY IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AMONG ECOWAS COUNTRIES [Текст] / Shayakhmet Umirzak // «VIII МАХАМБЕТ ОҚУЛАРЫ» атты республикалық ғылыми-тәжірибелік конференциясы материалдары, 8 желтоқсан. - 2016. - Р. 260-263
ББК 65
Рубрики: Economy
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
Human Development -- Efficiency -- Data Envelopment Analysis -- --
Аннотация: Regional economic integration is much beyond the trade liberalization aspect. It also includes investments in regional infrastructure, harmonization of regulations and standards, common approaches to macroeconomic policy, management of shared natural resources, and greater labor mobility. The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite measurement of life expectancy, education, and income per capita indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country has got higher HDI score, when the life expectancy at birth is longer, the education period is longer, and the income per capita is higher. Therefore human development index (HDI) discusses the measurement of human development based on the three main dimensions such as longevity, knowledge, and standard of living. In this paper, data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to evaluate the HD for the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The aim of this paper is to provide complementary information for efficiency measure of HD in ECOWAS countries
Держатели документа:
WKSU
U44
Umirzak, Shayakhmet
REASSESSING EFFICIENCY IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AMONG ECOWAS COUNTRIES [Текст] / Shayakhmet Umirzak // «VIII МАХАМБЕТ ОҚУЛАРЫ» атты республикалық ғылыми-тәжірибелік конференциясы материалдары, 8 желтоқсан. - 2016. - Р. 260-263
Рубрики: Economy
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
Human Development -- Efficiency -- Data Envelopment Analysis -- --
Аннотация: Regional economic integration is much beyond the trade liberalization aspect. It also includes investments in regional infrastructure, harmonization of regulations and standards, common approaches to macroeconomic policy, management of shared natural resources, and greater labor mobility. The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite measurement of life expectancy, education, and income per capita indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country has got higher HDI score, when the life expectancy at birth is longer, the education period is longer, and the income per capita is higher. Therefore human development index (HDI) discusses the measurement of human development based on the three main dimensions such as longevity, knowledge, and standard of living. In this paper, data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to evaluate the HD for the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The aim of this paper is to provide complementary information for efficiency measure of HD in ECOWAS countries
Держатели документа:
WKSU
14.
Подробнее
74
G26
Gaurieva , G.M.
PRINCIPLES OF FORMATION OF INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE LESSONS [Текст] / G.M. Gaurieva, N.B. Maemirova // Вестник Западно-Казахстанского государственного университета им.М.Утемисова. - Уральск : РИЦ ЗКГУ , 2017. - №1. - P. 9-15
ББК 74
Рубрики: Pedagogy
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
Сultural component -- intercultural communicative competence -- foreign language teaching -- culture -- integration
Аннотация: The given article is devoted to the problem of integrating cultural context into the foreign language education. The aim is to show the importance of developing the student’ intercultural competence and consider objectives, main principles of integrating culture. Different effective classroom activities are suggested for implementation to various levels of foreign language students.
Держатели документа:
WKSU
Доп.точки доступа:
Maemirova , N.B.
G26
Gaurieva , G.M.
PRINCIPLES OF FORMATION OF INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE LESSONS [Текст] / G.M. Gaurieva, N.B. Maemirova // Вестник Западно-Казахстанского государственного университета им.М.Утемисова. - Уральск : РИЦ ЗКГУ , 2017. - №1. - P. 9-15
Рубрики: Pedagogy
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
Сultural component -- intercultural communicative competence -- foreign language teaching -- culture -- integration
Аннотация: The given article is devoted to the problem of integrating cultural context into the foreign language education. The aim is to show the importance of developing the student’ intercultural competence and consider objectives, main principles of integrating culture. Different effective classroom activities are suggested for implementation to various levels of foreign language students.
Держатели документа:
WKSU
Доп.точки доступа:
Maemirova , N.B.
15.
Подробнее
74
Е 81
Есбергенова, Г. И.
DIFFERENT METHODS TO IMPROVE SPEAKING SKILLS OF STUDENTS [Текст] / Г.И. Есбергенова // Материалы областной научно-практической конференции "Теория и практика обучения иностранным языкам с использованием современных технологий в школе и в вузе", 14 апреля. - 2017. - С. 60-64
ББК 74
Рубрики: Педагогика
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
DIFFERENT METHODS -- EDUCATION -- STUDENTS --
Аннотация: Students often think that the ability to speak a language is the product of language learning, but speaking is also a crucial part of the language learning process. Effective instructors teach students speaking strategies -- using minimal responses, recognizing scripts, and using language to talk about language -- that they can use to help themselves expand their knowledge of the language and their confidence in using it. Speaking is found on the tree as one of the branches; it is labeled oral production and is one of the skills students are to learn in their language development. The ability to converse is highly valued by students, but teachers often find it a skill that is hard to develop. Students often feel a great deal of anxiety around speaking. In this section we will discuss the importance of developing excellent oral skills and how teachers can go about promoting this development.
Держатели документа:
WKSU
Е 81
Есбергенова, Г. И.
DIFFERENT METHODS TO IMPROVE SPEAKING SKILLS OF STUDENTS [Текст] / Г.И. Есбергенова // Материалы областной научно-практической конференции "Теория и практика обучения иностранным языкам с использованием современных технологий в школе и в вузе", 14 апреля. - 2017. - С. 60-64
Рубрики: Педагогика
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
DIFFERENT METHODS -- EDUCATION -- STUDENTS --
Аннотация: Students often think that the ability to speak a language is the product of language learning, but speaking is also a crucial part of the language learning process. Effective instructors teach students speaking strategies -- using minimal responses, recognizing scripts, and using language to talk about language -- that they can use to help themselves expand their knowledge of the language and their confidence in using it. Speaking is found on the tree as one of the branches; it is labeled oral production and is one of the skills students are to learn in their language development. The ability to converse is highly valued by students, but teachers often find it a skill that is hard to develop. Students often feel a great deal of anxiety around speaking. In this section we will discuss the importance of developing excellent oral skills and how teachers can go about promoting this development.
Держатели документа:
WKSU
16.
Подробнее
74.200
К 90
Кульжумиева, А. А.
USING OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES AS AN IMPROVED METHOD AT THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE LESSONS [Текст] / А.А. Кульжумиева // Материалы областной научно-практической конференции "Теория и практика обучения иностранным языкам с использованием современных технологий в школе и в вузе", 14 апреля. - 2017. - С. 168-171
ББК 74.200
Рубрики: Педагогика
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
video-resources -- different computer programs with video-recourses range -- video tutorials to EMB -- communicative competence
Аннотация: The given article analyses the using of information technologies as an improved method at the foreign language lessons. Using of information technologies at the foreign language lessons perform importance components of education system present non-traditional method of teaching organization through active action ways, support individualization of teaching and development motivation of speech activities of students.
Держатели документа:
WKSU
К 90
Кульжумиева, А. А.
USING OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES AS AN IMPROVED METHOD AT THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE LESSONS [Текст] / А.А. Кульжумиева // Материалы областной научно-практической конференции "Теория и практика обучения иностранным языкам с использованием современных технологий в школе и в вузе", 14 апреля. - 2017. - С. 168-171
Рубрики: Педагогика
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
video-resources -- different computer programs with video-recourses range -- video tutorials to EMB -- communicative competence
Аннотация: The given article analyses the using of information technologies as an improved method at the foreign language lessons. Using of information technologies at the foreign language lessons perform importance components of education system present non-traditional method of teaching organization through active action ways, support individualization of teaching and development motivation of speech activities of students.
Держатели документа:
WKSU
17.
Подробнее
86
T22
Tasmagambetov, A.
Features of the denominational development of religions in Kazakhstan in the late XYIII-early XX centuries [Текст] / A. Tasmagambetov // Bulletin WKU. - Uralsk, 2021. - №1. - Р. 251-261
ББК 86
Рубрики: Религия
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
Религия -- конфессия -- организационное развитие -- ислам -- русская православная церковь -- старообрядчество -- мечеть -- мулла -- храм -- молельня -- скит -- колонизация -- епархия -- духовное правление -- администрация -- единоверие
Аннотация: В статье исследуется история организационного, конфессионального развития религии Казахстана в период его присоединения к Российской империи, когда стали происходить значительные изменения во всех сферах жизни казахского общества, в том числе и духовной. На основе материалов конкретных источников по исламу, православию и старообрядчеству, в том числе и архивных данных, с исторических позиции раскрываются и описываются закономерности и особенности именно конфессиональной стороны развития этих религии в отмеченное время. В ходе изучения данной проблемы выявляются качественные отличия процессов организационного развития отмеченных религии на территории нашей страны от предыдущих и последующих периодов. Проводится сравнительное описание специфических особенностей данного процесса у каждой из этих религии, определявшихся характером и направлениями социальных явлений в Казахстане в то время. Автором обоснованно показывается, что основное содержание и направленность этих процессов была тесно взаимосвязана, а, зачастую, и обусловлена, таким сложным и противоречивым явлением того периода, как присоединение территории Казахстана в состав Российской империи
Держатели документа:
ЗКУ
T22
Tasmagambetov, A.
Features of the denominational development of religions in Kazakhstan in the late XYIII-early XX centuries [Текст] / A. Tasmagambetov // Bulletin WKU. - Uralsk, 2021. - №1. - Р. 251-261
Рубрики: Религия
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
Религия -- конфессия -- организационное развитие -- ислам -- русская православная церковь -- старообрядчество -- мечеть -- мулла -- храм -- молельня -- скит -- колонизация -- епархия -- духовное правление -- администрация -- единоверие
Аннотация: В статье исследуется история организационного, конфессионального развития религии Казахстана в период его присоединения к Российской империи, когда стали происходить значительные изменения во всех сферах жизни казахского общества, в том числе и духовной. На основе материалов конкретных источников по исламу, православию и старообрядчеству, в том числе и архивных данных, с исторических позиции раскрываются и описываются закономерности и особенности именно конфессиональной стороны развития этих религии в отмеченное время. В ходе изучения данной проблемы выявляются качественные отличия процессов организационного развития отмеченных религии на территории нашей страны от предыдущих и последующих периодов. Проводится сравнительное описание специфических особенностей данного процесса у каждой из этих религии, определявшихся характером и направлениями социальных явлений в Казахстане в то время. Автором обоснованно показывается, что основное содержание и направленность этих процессов была тесно взаимосвязана, а, зачастую, и обусловлена, таким сложным и противоречивым явлением того периода, как присоединение территории Казахстана в состав Российской империи
Держатели документа:
ЗКУ
18.
Подробнее
41
K42
Khairullina, A. K.
Trends of development rice farming in Syrdarya district, Kyzylorda region [Текст] / A. K. Khairullina, G. E. Kairlieva // Bulletin WKU. - Uralsk, 2021. - №2. - Р. 248-256
ББК 41
Рубрики: Растениеводство
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
конкурентоспособность -- агропромышленный комплекс -- сельское хозяйство -- рисовый кластер -- Кызылординская область -- культура -- технология выращивания -- агротехника -- Сырдарья -- орошаемое земледелие -- экономика
Аннотация: В статье рассматривается специфика развития рисоводства Сырдарьинского района Кызылординской области, так как агропромышленный комплекс в экономике страны в том числе обеспечение развития зернового хозяйства является актуальной проблемой на сегодняшний день. Проведен сравнительный анализ районирования по районам Кызылординской области, в том числе по объему сбора рисовой продукции Сырдарьинского, Шиелийского районов, по историческим периодам рисоводства и по агроэкологической, почвенно-мелиоративной характеристике зон рисоводства области. Работы в области рисоводства очень велики, долгие годы сорт риса не обновлялся. Это напрямую повлияло на производительность. За последние годы в области проведена плодотворная работа в данном направлении, внедрены в производство местные сорта. Рис-одна из самых урожайных и важных культур на земле. Более половины всего человечества в мире используют в пищу рисовое зерно. В том числе считается самым важным блюдом 80% населения Азии. Несмотря на разнообразие технологий выращивания, рис является одной из самых урожайных культур в мире. Агротехника может быть увеличена в больших количествах, так как выращивается в упорядоченных условиях.
Держатели документа:
ЗКУ
Доп.точки доступа:
Kairlieva, G. E.
K42
Khairullina, A. K.
Trends of development rice farming in Syrdarya district, Kyzylorda region [Текст] / A. K. Khairullina, G. E. Kairlieva // Bulletin WKU. - Uralsk, 2021. - №2. - Р. 248-256
Рубрики: Растениеводство
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
конкурентоспособность -- агропромышленный комплекс -- сельское хозяйство -- рисовый кластер -- Кызылординская область -- культура -- технология выращивания -- агротехника -- Сырдарья -- орошаемое земледелие -- экономика
Аннотация: В статье рассматривается специфика развития рисоводства Сырдарьинского района Кызылординской области, так как агропромышленный комплекс в экономике страны в том числе обеспечение развития зернового хозяйства является актуальной проблемой на сегодняшний день. Проведен сравнительный анализ районирования по районам Кызылординской области, в том числе по объему сбора рисовой продукции Сырдарьинского, Шиелийского районов, по историческим периодам рисоводства и по агроэкологической, почвенно-мелиоративной характеристике зон рисоводства области. Работы в области рисоводства очень велики, долгие годы сорт риса не обновлялся. Это напрямую повлияло на производительность. За последние годы в области проведена плодотворная работа в данном направлении, внедрены в производство местные сорта. Рис-одна из самых урожайных и важных культур на земле. Более половины всего человечества в мире используют в пищу рисовое зерно. В том числе считается самым важным блюдом 80% населения Азии. Несмотря на разнообразие технологий выращивания, рис является одной из самых урожайных культур в мире. Агротехника может быть увеличена в больших количествах, так как выращивается в упорядоченных условиях.
Держатели документа:
ЗКУ
Доп.точки доступа:
Kairlieva, G. E.
19.
Подробнее
74.3
K31
Keldibay, A. T.
New forms of using websites in online english teaching [Текст] / A. T. Keldibay, R. F. Zhusupova // BULLETIN WKU. - 2021. - №3. - P. 13-18
ББК 74.3
Рубрики: История образования и педагогической мысли в
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
internet -- internet resources -- education -- English language -- online teaching -- internet services -- technology -- websites
Аннотация: The article is dedicated to using educational Internet resources for teaching English online. This article examined the concepts and essence of educational Internet resources, what criteria teachers should follow when choosing Internet resources, what features of using a foreign language with the help of Internet resources should be considered. This article deals with the phenomenon of globalization of education, which entailed the significant influence of the Internet and computer technology on the methodology of teaching English during the pandemic. It also describes modern ideas and trends of foreign colleagues in teaching a foreign language. Furthermore, this work outlines the types of Internet resources that can be used in teaching a foreign language at the present stage of education. The Internet is a huge source of information about the language being studied, the culture and traditions of a foreign language, its realities and characteristics. The information technology has played an important role in English language teaching and it has offered a better tool to explore the new teaching method. The purpose of the article is the use of information technology in increasing the effectiveness of teaching English, developing students' creative abilities at English lеssons. There given various available online tools in the Internet for the students and recommend the mоdern tools for English teachers.
Держатели документа:
ЗКУ
Доп.точки доступа:
Zhusupova, R.F.
K31
Keldibay, A. T.
New forms of using websites in online english teaching [Текст] / A. T. Keldibay, R. F. Zhusupova // BULLETIN WKU. - 2021. - №3. - P. 13-18
Рубрики: История образования и педагогической мысли в
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
internet -- internet resources -- education -- English language -- online teaching -- internet services -- technology -- websites
Аннотация: The article is dedicated to using educational Internet resources for teaching English online. This article examined the concepts and essence of educational Internet resources, what criteria teachers should follow when choosing Internet resources, what features of using a foreign language with the help of Internet resources should be considered. This article deals with the phenomenon of globalization of education, which entailed the significant influence of the Internet and computer technology on the methodology of teaching English during the pandemic. It also describes modern ideas and trends of foreign colleagues in teaching a foreign language. Furthermore, this work outlines the types of Internet resources that can be used in teaching a foreign language at the present stage of education. The Internet is a huge source of information about the language being studied, the culture and traditions of a foreign language, its realities and characteristics. The information technology has played an important role in English language teaching and it has offered a better tool to explore the new teaching method. The purpose of the article is the use of information technology in increasing the effectiveness of teaching English, developing students' creative abilities at English lеssons. There given various available online tools in the Internet for the students and recommend the mоdern tools for English teachers.
Держатели документа:
ЗКУ
Доп.точки доступа:
Zhusupova, R.F.
20.
Подробнее
28
K11
Kabaeva, S. M.
Аbsorption of atmospheric nitrogen by tuberous [Текст] / S. M. Kabaeva, A. D. Kurmekesh // BULLETIN WKU. - 2021. - №3. - P. 176-180
ББК 28
Рубрики: Биология
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
microorganisms -- atmosphere -- sterilized -- tuber bacteria -- azotobacteria -- nitrogen absorption -- legumes
Аннотация: Tuber bacteria are usually found in tubers in the roots of legumes, and some species are found separately in the soil. When tuberous bacteria live selectively with plants, they provide them with nitrogenous nutrients and feed on corneal compounds that are released from the roots of plants themselves. At the same time, some of the nitrogen is used by the bacteria themselves. The absorption of nitrogen in the roots of legumes depends on the phase of plant development. Tuberous bacteria are involved in enriching the soil with nitrogen. It creates conditions for inorganic substances to undergo changes in the composition of the soil, that is, to interfere.
Держатели документа:
ЗКУ
Доп.точки доступа:
Kurmekesh, A. D.
K11
Kabaeva, S. M.
Аbsorption of atmospheric nitrogen by tuberous [Текст] / S. M. Kabaeva, A. D. Kurmekesh // BULLETIN WKU. - 2021. - №3. - P. 176-180
Рубрики: Биология
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
microorganisms -- atmosphere -- sterilized -- tuber bacteria -- azotobacteria -- nitrogen absorption -- legumes
Аннотация: Tuber bacteria are usually found in tubers in the roots of legumes, and some species are found separately in the soil. When tuberous bacteria live selectively with plants, they provide them with nitrogenous nutrients and feed on corneal compounds that are released from the roots of plants themselves. At the same time, some of the nitrogen is used by the bacteria themselves. The absorption of nitrogen in the roots of legumes depends on the phase of plant development. Tuberous bacteria are involved in enriching the soil with nitrogen. It creates conditions for inorganic substances to undergo changes in the composition of the soil, that is, to interfere.
Держатели документа:
ЗКУ
Доп.точки доступа:
Kurmekesh, A. D.
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