База данных: Статьи
Страница 1, Результатов: 10
Отмеченные записи: 0
1.
Подробнее
74.58
J78
Jose , C. Q.
New Pedagogical Approaches to induce Sustainable Development Goals [Текст] / C. Q. Jose // Высшее образование в России. - 2019. - №3. - С. 50-56
ББК 74.58
Рубрики: Высшее образование. Педагогика высшей школы
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
устойчивое развитие -- перевернутое обучение -- вовлеченность -- мотивация студентов
Аннотация: High quality professional training in accordance with the principles of outcome-based approach depends on the learning outcomes students are expected to achieve upon graduation from the educational program. However, the definition of a set of core competencies is just one of the steps that have to be fulfilled, but not enough for successful achievement of intended learning out-comes by the students. The paper considers the role of teaching and learning methods in designing and implementing of educational programs.Flipped Learning is becoming a well-known pedagogical approach in which direct instruction moves consistently from the group learning space to the individual learning space, and the resulting group space is transformed into a dynamic, interactive learning environment where the educator guides students as they apply concepts and engage creatively in the subject matter.Education of the next generation of practitioners that will creatively implement the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s) by 2030 requires the complete rethinking by the educator how to do the job being done on a certain way for years. The flipped classroom model addresses how students learn best and become more engaged. Discussions and hands-on activities tend to keep students’ interest. While educators work with students directly as they explore the concepts they’re learning in class, they can provide immediate feedback that helps students improve their learning as they go.The students pursuing the SDG’s creative engagement in classrooms become better at taking the lead on finding valuable resources and pursuing learning their own way using the flipped learning. This approach explores a specific challenge in the development of education and practice.
Держатели документа:
ЗКГУ
Доп.точки доступа:
Zaitseva , K.K.
J78
Jose , C. Q.
New Pedagogical Approaches to induce Sustainable Development Goals [Текст] / C. Q. Jose // Высшее образование в России. - 2019. - №3. - С. 50-56
Рубрики: Высшее образование. Педагогика высшей школы
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
устойчивое развитие -- перевернутое обучение -- вовлеченность -- мотивация студентов
Аннотация: High quality professional training in accordance with the principles of outcome-based approach depends on the learning outcomes students are expected to achieve upon graduation from the educational program. However, the definition of a set of core competencies is just one of the steps that have to be fulfilled, but not enough for successful achievement of intended learning out-comes by the students. The paper considers the role of teaching and learning methods in designing and implementing of educational programs.Flipped Learning is becoming a well-known pedagogical approach in which direct instruction moves consistently from the group learning space to the individual learning space, and the resulting group space is transformed into a dynamic, interactive learning environment where the educator guides students as they apply concepts and engage creatively in the subject matter.Education of the next generation of practitioners that will creatively implement the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s) by 2030 requires the complete rethinking by the educator how to do the job being done on a certain way for years. The flipped classroom model addresses how students learn best and become more engaged. Discussions and hands-on activities tend to keep students’ interest. While educators work with students directly as they explore the concepts they’re learning in class, they can provide immediate feedback that helps students improve their learning as they go.The students pursuing the SDG’s creative engagement in classrooms become better at taking the lead on finding valuable resources and pursuing learning their own way using the flipped learning. This approach explores a specific challenge in the development of education and practice.
Держатели документа:
ЗКГУ
Доп.точки доступа:
Zaitseva , K.K.
2.
Подробнее
32.81
B19
Balakayeva , G. T
Mathematical and numerical modeling of transfer processes in the cleaning ofexhaust gases in an automobile neutralizer [Текст] / G.T Balakayeva // Әл - Фараби ат. ҚҰУ Хабаршы = Вестник КазНУ им Аль - Фараби. - Алматы, 2018. - №1(97). - Р. 127-133. - (Математика, механика, информатика сериясы=Серия математика, механика, информатика. Journal of Mathematics, Mechanics, Computer Science.)
ББК 32.81
Рубрики: Информатика
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
нейтрализатор -- каталитический нейтрализатор -- итерационный метод -- метод прогонки
Аннотация: Every year, the atmosphere in Kazakhstan is polluted approximately 5-7 million tons of pollutants,about a third of which belong to the vehicle. Also excess pollution of the air basin of the cities ofthe Republic is caused by pollution of pollutants by metallurgy, oil refining and chemical industryfactories, automobile and railway transport. The harmful substances emitted by motor transportadversely affect the air, water reservoirs, soil and the planet’s biosphere. At Nowadays car engineconsumes about 3 kilogram of atmospheric oxygen when liters of gasoline per 1 kg are burned.Every car delivers 60 m3of gas per hour, and the truck produces 120 m3of gas. These substancesare very dangerous for living organisms and finding solution for the problem of cleaning exhaustedgases is very actual.The purpose of this article is mathematical and numerical modeling on transfer processes in motor-car neutralizer with usage modern programming language and modern computing technologies.The solution of such a problem brings a certain contribution to the protection of the environmentfrom automobile exhaust gases. The task of cleaning at exhaust gases is investigated, that is tosay catalytic oxidation of exhausted gases automobile neutralizer . The mathematical model thereis a system of differential equations warm and mass transfer including heat generation from thechemical reaction. The equation system is solved through numerical methods and to create anddevelop an algorithm of computing the task of cleaning exhaust gases in automobile neutralizer.
Держатели документа:
ЗКГУ
Доп.точки доступа:
Akimbay, Sh.
B19
Balakayeva , G. T
Mathematical and numerical modeling of transfer processes in the cleaning ofexhaust gases in an automobile neutralizer [Текст] / G.T Balakayeva // Әл - Фараби ат. ҚҰУ Хабаршы = Вестник КазНУ им Аль - Фараби. - Алматы, 2018. - №1(97). - Р. 127-133. - (Математика, механика, информатика сериясы=Серия математика, механика, информатика. Journal of Mathematics, Mechanics, Computer Science.)
Рубрики: Информатика
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
нейтрализатор -- каталитический нейтрализатор -- итерационный метод -- метод прогонки
Аннотация: Every year, the atmosphere in Kazakhstan is polluted approximately 5-7 million tons of pollutants,about a third of which belong to the vehicle. Also excess pollution of the air basin of the cities ofthe Republic is caused by pollution of pollutants by metallurgy, oil refining and chemical industryfactories, automobile and railway transport. The harmful substances emitted by motor transportadversely affect the air, water reservoirs, soil and the planet’s biosphere. At Nowadays car engineconsumes about 3 kilogram of atmospheric oxygen when liters of gasoline per 1 kg are burned.Every car delivers 60 m3of gas per hour, and the truck produces 120 m3of gas. These substancesare very dangerous for living organisms and finding solution for the problem of cleaning exhaustedgases is very actual.The purpose of this article is mathematical and numerical modeling on transfer processes in motor-car neutralizer with usage modern programming language and modern computing technologies.The solution of such a problem brings a certain contribution to the protection of the environmentfrom automobile exhaust gases. The task of cleaning at exhaust gases is investigated, that is tosay catalytic oxidation of exhausted gases automobile neutralizer . The mathematical model thereis a system of differential equations warm and mass transfer including heat generation from thechemical reaction. The equation system is solved through numerical methods and to create anddevelop an algorithm of computing the task of cleaning exhaust gases in automobile neutralizer.
Держатели документа:
ЗКГУ
Доп.точки доступа:
Akimbay, Sh.
3.
Подробнее
32.81
T96
Turar, O. N
Design of adaptive unstructured grids using differential methods [Текст] / O.N Turar // Әл - Фараби ат. ҚҰУ Хабаршы = Вестник КазНУ им Аль - Фараби. - Алматы, 2018. - №2(98). - Р. 88-97. - (Математика, механика, информатика сериясы=Серия математика, механика, информатика. Journal of Mathematics, Mechanics, Computer Science.)
ББК 32.81
Рубрики: Информатика
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
computational grid construction algorithm -- unstructured mesh -- adaptive mesh -- differential elliptic equations -- reversed Beltrami equation
Аннотация: Adaptive generation of computational grids can improve the efficiency of mathematical model-ing by increasing the accuracy of numerical approximations. The paper describes a method forconstructing unstructured grids with adaptation based on differential methods. The applicationof these methods ensures a smooth distribution of the geometric characteristics of the grid, i.e.the appearance of adjacent cells that differ greatly in size and shape becomes unlikely. To achieveproper adaptation in unstructured grids we use the novel approach based on methodology of adap-tive structured grid construction. This approach uses the method of grid construction based onsolving inverted Beltrami equation to create mapping of some sample grid domain to the physicalarea. This mapping is used to construct point set on which the unstructured grid is constructedusing Delaunay triangulation method. Thus, the result is unstructured grid with proper adapta-tion. Adding fault and fractures or other structure elements may be supported by implementingconstrained Delaunay triangulation.
Держатели документа:
ЗКГУ
Доп.точки доступа:
Akhmed-Zaki, D.Zh
T96
Turar, O. N
Design of adaptive unstructured grids using differential methods [Текст] / O.N Turar // Әл - Фараби ат. ҚҰУ Хабаршы = Вестник КазНУ им Аль - Фараби. - Алматы, 2018. - №2(98). - Р. 88-97. - (Математика, механика, информатика сериясы=Серия математика, механика, информатика. Journal of Mathematics, Mechanics, Computer Science.)
Рубрики: Информатика
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
computational grid construction algorithm -- unstructured mesh -- adaptive mesh -- differential elliptic equations -- reversed Beltrami equation
Аннотация: Adaptive generation of computational grids can improve the efficiency of mathematical model-ing by increasing the accuracy of numerical approximations. The paper describes a method forconstructing unstructured grids with adaptation based on differential methods. The applicationof these methods ensures a smooth distribution of the geometric characteristics of the grid, i.e.the appearance of adjacent cells that differ greatly in size and shape becomes unlikely. To achieveproper adaptation in unstructured grids we use the novel approach based on methodology of adap-tive structured grid construction. This approach uses the method of grid construction based onsolving inverted Beltrami equation to create mapping of some sample grid domain to the physicalarea. This mapping is used to construct point set on which the unstructured grid is constructedusing Delaunay triangulation method. Thus, the result is unstructured grid with proper adapta-tion. Adding fault and fractures or other structure elements may be supported by implementingconstrained Delaunay triangulation.
Держатели документа:
ЗКГУ
Доп.точки доступа:
Akhmed-Zaki, D.Zh
4.
Подробнее
22
B92
Buktukov, N. S
Experimental research of new generation solar cells [Текст] / N.S Buktukov // Доклады Национальной Академии наук Республики Казахстан. - 2019. - №5. - С. 5-14
ББК 22
Рубрики: Физика
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
cолнечная батарея -- голографический концентратор -- фотоэлементы -- технико-экономичес-кие показатели солнечных батарей
Аннотация: Проведены экспериментальные работы с физической моделью солнечной фотоэлектрической батареи с весьма высокой технико-экономической эффективностью за счет диспергирования и фокусировки солнечного излучения по длинам волн и установки на каждую длину волны различные фотоэлементы. Экспериментальные данные и их обработка показала, что мощность предлагаемой конструкции солнечной батареи на уровне фотопреобразователей выше по сравнению с использованием арсенида галлия по традиционной технологии в 1,46 – 1,48 раза, а монокристаллического кремния – в 4,15-4,2 раза. При этом для предлагаемых солнечных батарей требуется многократно меньше указанных фотоэлементов, что существенно повышает экономическую эффективность.
Держатели документа:
ЗКГУ
B92
Buktukov, N. S
Experimental research of new generation solar cells [Текст] / N.S Buktukov // Доклады Национальной Академии наук Республики Казахстан. - 2019. - №5. - С. 5-14
Рубрики: Физика
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
cолнечная батарея -- голографический концентратор -- фотоэлементы -- технико-экономичес-кие показатели солнечных батарей
Аннотация: Проведены экспериментальные работы с физической моделью солнечной фотоэлектрической батареи с весьма высокой технико-экономической эффективностью за счет диспергирования и фокусировки солнечного излучения по длинам волн и установки на каждую длину волны различные фотоэлементы. Экспериментальные данные и их обработка показала, что мощность предлагаемой конструкции солнечной батареи на уровне фотопреобразователей выше по сравнению с использованием арсенида галлия по традиционной технологии в 1,46 – 1,48 раза, а монокристаллического кремния – в 4,15-4,2 раза. При этом для предлагаемых солнечных батарей требуется многократно меньше указанных фотоэлементов, что существенно повышает экономическую эффективность.
Держатели документа:
ЗКГУ
5.
Подробнее
Кушеров, Н.
Ұрпақтар теориясы контекстінде ҚР мемлекеттік қызмет жүйесіндегі адами ресурстарды басқару мәселелері: эмпирикалық зерттеу нәтижелері [Текст] / Н. Кушеров // Қоғам & Дәуір. - 2021. - №2. - б. 82-95
ББК 67.4
Рубрики: Отрасли права
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
ұрпақтар теориясы -- ауыспалық -- қақтығыстар -- құндылықтар -- эмпирикалық зерттеулер -- теория поколений -- сменяемость -- конфликты в коллективе -- ценности -- эмпирические исследования -- theory of generations -- changeability -- conflicts in the team -- values -- empirical research
Аннотация: Мақалада мемлекеттік қызметтегі "ауыспалық", ұжымдағы қақтығыстар, мемлекеттік қызметшілердің құндылықтар жүйесі мәселелері қарастырылып, тұжырымдалған ұсыныстар берілді.
Держатели документа:
М. Өтемісов атындағы БҚУ
Кушеров, Н.
Ұрпақтар теориясы контекстінде ҚР мемлекеттік қызмет жүйесіндегі адами ресурстарды басқару мәселелері: эмпирикалық зерттеу нәтижелері [Текст] / Н. Кушеров // Қоғам & Дәуір. - 2021. - №2. - б. 82-95
Рубрики: Отрасли права
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
ұрпақтар теориясы -- ауыспалық -- қақтығыстар -- құндылықтар -- эмпирикалық зерттеулер -- теория поколений -- сменяемость -- конфликты в коллективе -- ценности -- эмпирические исследования -- theory of generations -- changeability -- conflicts in the team -- values -- empirical research
Аннотация: Мақалада мемлекеттік қызметтегі "ауыспалық", ұжымдағы қақтығыстар, мемлекеттік қызметшілердің құндылықтар жүйесі мәселелері қарастырылып, тұжырымдалған ұсыныстар берілді.
Держатели документа:
М. Өтемісов атындағы БҚУ
6.
Подробнее
22.3
T71
Tolek, D. T.
Iot-based municipal solid waste collection model [Текст] / D. T. Tolek, O. N. Dolinina, M. E. Mansurova, G. A. Tyulepberdinova // Қазақстан Республикасы Ұлттық инженерлік академиясының хабаршысы. - 2021. - №2. - б. 67-75
ББК 22.3
Рубрики: Физика
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
municipal solid waste -- lot -- smart city -- smart waste bin -- sensor -- қатты тұрмыстық қалдықтар -- ақылды қала -- ақылды қоқыс жәшігі -- сенсор -- твердые бытовые отходы -- умный мусорный бак -- датчик
Аннотация: The increase of waste generation has been counted as a significant challenge to big cities worldwide and represents a critical issue for countries with high urbanization rate. The effective use of internet of Things and cloud computing is the way to change existing MSW management by developing an efficient cos-effective, and environmentally friendly solution for MSW collection and transportation system. In this paper an Io T-based reference model is described and a comparison analysis of the available solutions is presented with the goal to highlight the most relevant approaches.
Держатели документа:
М. Өтемісов атындағы БҚУ
Доп.точки доступа:
Dolinina, O. N.
Mansurova, M. E.
Tyulepberdinova, G. A.
T71
Tolek, D. T.
Iot-based municipal solid waste collection model [Текст] / D. T. Tolek, O. N. Dolinina, M. E. Mansurova, G. A. Tyulepberdinova // Қазақстан Республикасы Ұлттық инженерлік академиясының хабаршысы. - 2021. - №2. - б. 67-75
Рубрики: Физика
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
municipal solid waste -- lot -- smart city -- smart waste bin -- sensor -- қатты тұрмыстық қалдықтар -- ақылды қала -- ақылды қоқыс жәшігі -- сенсор -- твердые бытовые отходы -- умный мусорный бак -- датчик
Аннотация: The increase of waste generation has been counted as a significant challenge to big cities worldwide and represents a critical issue for countries with high urbanization rate. The effective use of internet of Things and cloud computing is the way to change existing MSW management by developing an efficient cos-effective, and environmentally friendly solution for MSW collection and transportation system. In this paper an Io T-based reference model is described and a comparison analysis of the available solutions is presented with the goal to highlight the most relevant approaches.
Держатели документа:
М. Өтемісов атындағы БҚУ
Доп.точки доступа:
Dolinina, O. N.
Mansurova, M. E.
Tyulepberdinova, G. A.
7.
Подробнее
Faiz, N. S.
Local monitoring of the environmental situation in residential areas with high levels of electromagnetic radiation. [Текст] / N. S. Faiz, M. I. Satayev, A. M. Azimov, Sh. K. Shapalov, S. A. Turguldinova // News of national academy of sciences of the republic of Kazakhstan. - 2021. - №3. - P. 46-52
ББК 22.3
Рубрики: physics
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
mapping software -- satellite monitoring -- coordinates of reference points -- open access streets maps -- geolocal data -- polygonal grid
Аннотация: The introduction of modern information technologies of a new generation made it possible to pinpoint and determine the main zones of electromagnetic radiation contamination , to establish the gradients of the electric and magnetic fields according to the degree o its impact, as well as to determine the number of residential objects that are partly exposed to carcinogenic and environmental risk by using the functional feature of the geoinformation program.
Держатели документа:
WKU
Доп.точки доступа:
Satayev, M.I.
Azimov, A.M.
Shapalov, Sh. K.
Turguldinova, S.A.
Faiz, N. S.
Local monitoring of the environmental situation in residential areas with high levels of electromagnetic radiation. [Текст] / N. S. Faiz, M. I. Satayev, A. M. Azimov, Sh. K. Shapalov, S. A. Turguldinova // News of national academy of sciences of the republic of Kazakhstan. - 2021. - №3. - P. 46-52
Рубрики: physics
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
mapping software -- satellite monitoring -- coordinates of reference points -- open access streets maps -- geolocal data -- polygonal grid
Аннотация: The introduction of modern information technologies of a new generation made it possible to pinpoint and determine the main zones of electromagnetic radiation contamination , to establish the gradients of the electric and magnetic fields according to the degree o its impact, as well as to determine the number of residential objects that are partly exposed to carcinogenic and environmental risk by using the functional feature of the geoinformation program.
Держатели документа:
WKU
Доп.точки доступа:
Satayev, M.I.
Azimov, A.M.
Shapalov, Sh. K.
Turguldinova, S.A.
8.
Подробнее
28
M23
Mamyrbayev , O.
Evidences propagations in bayesian networks [Текст] / O. Mamyrbayev , N. Litvinenko, A. Shayakhmetova // News of the National Academy of sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. - 2020. - №4. - Р. 119-126
ББК 28
Рубрики: Biology
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
bayesian networks -- orirnted graphs -- generation -- propagating
Аннотация: This paper is devoted to some problems of the distribution of several evidences in Bayesian networks.
Держатели документа:
WKU
Доп.точки доступа:
Litvinenko, N.
Shayakhmetova, A.
M23
Mamyrbayev , O.
Evidences propagations in bayesian networks [Текст] / O. Mamyrbayev , N. Litvinenko, A. Shayakhmetova // News of the National Academy of sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. - 2020. - №4. - Р. 119-126
Рубрики: Biology
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
bayesian networks -- orirnted graphs -- generation -- propagating
Аннотация: This paper is devoted to some problems of the distribution of several evidences in Bayesian networks.
Держатели документа:
WKU
Доп.точки доступа:
Litvinenko, N.
Shayakhmetova, A.
9.
Подробнее
24
Z63
Zhumabek, M.
Ni-Al-Mg-Mn composite catalysts for partial oxidation of natural gas. [Текст] / M. Zhumabek, G. N. Kaumenova, A. Manabayeva, R. O. Sarsenova, S. O. Kotov // News of national academy of sciences of the republic of Kazakhstan. . - 2021. - №4. - P. 19-26
ББК 24
Рубрики: chemistry
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
catalytic oxidation -- methane -- synthesis-gas -- nickel -- magnesium
Аннотация: the problem of rational utilization of natural and associated petroleum gases and the cessation of their flaring is one of the acute and unresolved environmental problems. The aim of this work is to develop effective thermally stable catalysts ofa new generation for the processes of oxidative conversion of light alkanes of natural and associated gas into synthesis gas. The results of partial oxidation of the methane of natural gas on the catalysts prepared by solution combustion synthesis are presented. Investigation of the activity of catalysts produced from initial mixture of Ni(NO3)2-Al(NO3)3-Mg(NO3)2-Mn(NO3)2+ urea of different composition was carried out for the production of synthesis-gas. It was found that the optimal conditions for producing of synthesis-gas are: CH4conversion higher than 95%, yield of target products: Н2-97 -99% and СО -40 -43%, Т = 900оС, space velocity –2500 and 6500 h-1. The catalysts were studied by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, specific surface area, pore volume and average pore diameter. The presence in the catalysts of simple and mixed oxides, metal aluminates and spinel-type structures, the presence of which contributes to the active work of catalysts for oxidativeconversion of CH4, has been established.
Держатели документа:
WKU
Доп.точки доступа:
Kaumenova, G.N.
Manabayeva, A.
Sarsenova, R.O.
Kotov, S.O.
Z63
Zhumabek, M.
Ni-Al-Mg-Mn composite catalysts for partial oxidation of natural gas. [Текст] / M. Zhumabek, G. N. Kaumenova, A. Manabayeva, R. O. Sarsenova, S. O. Kotov // News of national academy of sciences of the republic of Kazakhstan. . - 2021. - №4. - P. 19-26
Рубрики: chemistry
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
catalytic oxidation -- methane -- synthesis-gas -- nickel -- magnesium
Аннотация: the problem of rational utilization of natural and associated petroleum gases and the cessation of their flaring is one of the acute and unresolved environmental problems. The aim of this work is to develop effective thermally stable catalysts ofa new generation for the processes of oxidative conversion of light alkanes of natural and associated gas into synthesis gas. The results of partial oxidation of the methane of natural gas on the catalysts prepared by solution combustion synthesis are presented. Investigation of the activity of catalysts produced from initial mixture of Ni(NO3)2-Al(NO3)3-Mg(NO3)2-Mn(NO3)2+ urea of different composition was carried out for the production of synthesis-gas. It was found that the optimal conditions for producing of synthesis-gas are: CH4conversion higher than 95%, yield of target products: Н2-97 -99% and СО -40 -43%, Т = 900оС, space velocity –2500 and 6500 h-1. The catalysts were studied by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, specific surface area, pore volume and average pore diameter. The presence in the catalysts of simple and mixed oxides, metal aluminates and spinel-type structures, the presence of which contributes to the active work of catalysts for oxidativeconversion of CH4, has been established.
Держатели документа:
WKU
Доп.точки доступа:
Kaumenova, G.N.
Manabayeva, A.
Sarsenova, R.O.
Kotov, S.O.
10.
Подробнее
74
N52
Нарбекова, Б.
New generation үшін мұғалімдер дайындаймыз [Текст] / Б. Нарбекова // Современное образование. - 2025. - №1. - Б. 66-72.
ББК 74
Рубрики: Образование.
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
New generation -- мұғалім -- жаһандану -- цифрландыру -- жасанды интеллект -- құзыреттілік -- адам -- қызмет
Аннотация: Мақалада қызмет жөніндегі проректоры Бану Нарбековамен сұхбат берілген.
Держатели документа:
ЗКУ.
N52
Нарбекова, Б.
New generation үшін мұғалімдер дайындаймыз [Текст] / Б. Нарбекова // Современное образование. - 2025. - №1. - Б. 66-72.
Рубрики: Образование.
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
New generation -- мұғалім -- жаһандану -- цифрландыру -- жасанды интеллект -- құзыреттілік -- адам -- қызмет
Аннотация: Мақалада қызмет жөніндегі проректоры Бану Нарбековамен сұхбат берілген.
Держатели документа:
ЗКУ.
Страница 1, Результатов: 10