База данных: Статьи
Страница 1, Результатов: 13
Отмеченные записи: 0
1.
Подробнее
74.6(5каз)
S22
Sardarova , Z. I.
The current state of reading literacy of students in a modern school [Текст] / Z. I. Sardarova // Менджмент в образовании . - Алматы. - 2019. - №1. - С. . 81-84
ББК 74.6(5каз)
Рубрики: Специализированные отрасли педагогики
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
грамотность -- читательская грамотность -- внутренний опыт -- успеваемость -- новые технологии -- компетентность -- способность
Аннотация: This article discusses the nature and content chitatelsko literacy factors that determine the literacy and competence of the student. The current state of reader literacy in Kazakhstan among young people and the main factors affecting the educational process in modern society are also revealed, the theoretical and methodological foundations of youth literacy are defined.
Держатели документа:
БҚМУ
S22
Sardarova , Z. I.
The current state of reading literacy of students in a modern school [Текст] / Z. I. Sardarova // Менджмент в образовании . - Алматы. - 2019. - №1. - С. . 81-84
Рубрики: Специализированные отрасли педагогики
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
грамотность -- читательская грамотность -- внутренний опыт -- успеваемость -- новые технологии -- компетентность -- способность
Аннотация: This article discusses the nature and content chitatelsko literacy factors that determine the literacy and competence of the student. The current state of reader literacy in Kazakhstan among young people and the main factors affecting the educational process in modern society are also revealed, the theoretical and methodological foundations of youth literacy are defined.
Держатели документа:
БҚМУ
2.
Подробнее
78.36
З-55
Земсков, А. И.
Современные библиотеки и будущее научных коммуникаций [Текст] / А. И. Земсков // Научные и технические библиотеки. - 2019. - №11. - С. 3-16
ББК 78.36
Рубрики: Библиотечные фонды и их формирование
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
библиотеки -- тенденции развития -- анкетирование -- академические библиотеки -- издательства
Аннотация: Освещено проведённое в 2018 г. издательством "Springer Nature" аналитическое исследование, предметом которого стали следующие вопросы: в какой мере научные и вузовские библиотеки содействуют деятельности вышестоящих организаций - исследовательских институтов и университетов, какую роль играют библиотеки при проведении научных исследований, какие проблемы мешают развитию библиотек? В ходе исследования были разосланы анкеты библиотекам в разных странах мира, а затем состоялось дополнительное, уточняющее, интервьюирование 20 библиотекарей.
Держатели документа:
ЗКГУ
З-55
Земсков, А. И.
Современные библиотеки и будущее научных коммуникаций [Текст] / А. И. Земсков // Научные и технические библиотеки. - 2019. - №11. - С. 3-16
Рубрики: Библиотечные фонды и их формирование
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
библиотеки -- тенденции развития -- анкетирование -- академические библиотеки -- издательства
Аннотация: Освещено проведённое в 2018 г. издательством "Springer Nature" аналитическое исследование, предметом которого стали следующие вопросы: в какой мере научные и вузовские библиотеки содействуют деятельности вышестоящих организаций - исследовательских институтов и университетов, какую роль играют библиотеки при проведении научных исследований, какие проблемы мешают развитию библиотек? В ходе исследования были разосланы анкеты библиотекам в разных странах мира, а затем состоялось дополнительное, уточняющее, интервьюирование 20 библиотекарей.
Держатели документа:
ЗКГУ
3.
Подробнее
71
D75
Doskhozhina , Zh. M.
Symboliс nature of Turkestan city and the mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi: the experience of field research [Текст] / Zh. M. Doskhozhina , E. F. Yessekeyeva // Вестник Казахского национального университета имени Аль-Фараби=Journal оf Al-Farabi Kazakh national university. - Almaty, 2018. - №4. - Р. 14-22. - (Серия философии, культурологии и политологии=Series of Philosophy, Culture and Political Science)
ББК 71
Рубрики: Культура
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
символ -- Мавзолей Ходжа Ахмед Яссави -- Туркестан -- священные места -- полевое исследование -- сакральное место Казахстана -- тюркоязычный народ -- культурнорелигиозный памятник -- духовно-нравственное умиротворение -- знаково-символической природа
Аннотация: В статье осуществлен анализ понимания знаковосимволической природы Мавзолея Ходжа Ахмеда Яссави и города Туркестана его жителями. Результаты осуществленного исследования позволили авторам прийти к выводам, что для многих Туркестан представляет собой не просто сакральное место Казахстана, но и является точкой соприкосновения тюркоязычных народов. В современном глобализирующемся мире он являет собой символ объединения и коммуникации. Мавзолей Ходжа Ахмеда Яссави, символизируя собой культурнорелигиозный памятник, служит для большинства местом обретения психологического и духовнонравственного умиротворения. В процессе глубинного интервьюирования авторами были выявлены основные символические феномены сакральных памятников и их роль в общественном сознании. Было выяснено, что сакральность символов претерпевает трансформацию в зависимости от требований времени и влияния глобализационных процессов. Семиотический анализ города Туркестана и Мавзолея Ходжа Ахмеда Яссави на основе опыта полевого исследования выявляет, что традиции и новации, религиозное и историческое возрождение прошлого осуществляются в рамках активной модернизации общественного сознания. Различное же понимание единого «символа» в условиях глобализации может привести к столкновению культур.
Держатели документа:
ЗКГУ
Доп.точки доступа:
Yessekeyeva , E.F.
D75
Doskhozhina , Zh. M.
Symboliс nature of Turkestan city and the mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi: the experience of field research [Текст] / Zh. M. Doskhozhina , E. F. Yessekeyeva // Вестник Казахского национального университета имени Аль-Фараби=Journal оf Al-Farabi Kazakh national university. - Almaty, 2018. - №4. - Р. 14-22. - (Серия философии, культурологии и политологии=Series of Philosophy, Culture and Political Science)
Рубрики: Культура
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
символ -- Мавзолей Ходжа Ахмед Яссави -- Туркестан -- священные места -- полевое исследование -- сакральное место Казахстана -- тюркоязычный народ -- культурнорелигиозный памятник -- духовно-нравственное умиротворение -- знаково-символической природа
Аннотация: В статье осуществлен анализ понимания знаковосимволической природы Мавзолея Ходжа Ахмеда Яссави и города Туркестана его жителями. Результаты осуществленного исследования позволили авторам прийти к выводам, что для многих Туркестан представляет собой не просто сакральное место Казахстана, но и является точкой соприкосновения тюркоязычных народов. В современном глобализирующемся мире он являет собой символ объединения и коммуникации. Мавзолей Ходжа Ахмеда Яссави, символизируя собой культурнорелигиозный памятник, служит для большинства местом обретения психологического и духовнонравственного умиротворения. В процессе глубинного интервьюирования авторами были выявлены основные символические феномены сакральных памятников и их роль в общественном сознании. Было выяснено, что сакральность символов претерпевает трансформацию в зависимости от требований времени и влияния глобализационных процессов. Семиотический анализ города Туркестана и Мавзолея Ходжа Ахмеда Яссави на основе опыта полевого исследования выявляет, что традиции и новации, религиозное и историческое возрождение прошлого осуществляются в рамках активной модернизации общественного сознания. Различное же понимание единого «символа» в условиях глобализации может привести к столкновению культур.
Держатели документа:
ЗКГУ
Доп.точки доступа:
Yessekeyeva , E.F.
4.
Подробнее
67
A29
Akhmejanova, G. B.
Relations between the state and religious associations in the Republic of Kazakhstan: constitutional legal aspects [Текст] / G. B. Akhmejanova, N. M. Mussabekova [et al.] // Bulletin of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. - 2021. - №3. - P. 153-158
ББК 67
Рубрики: Law
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
religion -- state -- law -- religious association -- religious activity -- religious denominations -- beliefs -- rites -- sects
Аннотация: This article attemps to comprehensively consider the social and legal nature of the relationship between the state and religious associations in the state, to determine their main constitytional ties, and to reveal the concept and content of the legal status of the religious associations.
Держатели документа:
WKU
Доп.точки доступа:
Mussabekova, N.M.
Voronova , T.E.
Shamshudinova, G.T.
Avilkhan, A.
A29
Akhmejanova, G. B.
Relations between the state and religious associations in the Republic of Kazakhstan: constitutional legal aspects [Текст] / G. B. Akhmejanova, N. M. Mussabekova [et al.] // Bulletin of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. - 2021. - №3. - P. 153-158
Рубрики: Law
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
religion -- state -- law -- religious association -- religious activity -- religious denominations -- beliefs -- rites -- sects
Аннотация: This article attemps to comprehensively consider the social and legal nature of the relationship between the state and religious associations in the state, to determine their main constitytional ties, and to reveal the concept and content of the legal status of the religious associations.
Держатели документа:
WKU
Доп.точки доступа:
Mussabekova, N.M.
Voronova , T.E.
Shamshudinova, G.T.
Avilkhan, A.
5.
Подробнее
66
A88
Assanbayev, M. B.
Moving to a big city: internal migration patterns on Kazakhstan [Текст] / M. B. Assanbayev, T. Kilybayev // Bulletin of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. - 2021. - №3. - P. 235-242
ББК 66
Рубрики: Political science
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
kazakhstan -- almaty -- internal migration -- migration patterns -- unemployment -- outskirts -- conflict
Аннотация: The paper examines the nature migration in Kazakhstan and the effects this movement has had on urbanization of the country.
Держатели документа:
WKU
Доп.точки доступа:
Kilybayev, T.
A88
Assanbayev, M. B.
Moving to a big city: internal migration patterns on Kazakhstan [Текст] / M. B. Assanbayev, T. Kilybayev // Bulletin of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. - 2021. - №3. - P. 235-242
Рубрики: Political science
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
kazakhstan -- almaty -- internal migration -- migration patterns -- unemployment -- outskirts -- conflict
Аннотация: The paper examines the nature migration in Kazakhstan and the effects this movement has had on urbanization of the country.
Держатели документа:
WKU
Доп.точки доступа:
Kilybayev, T.
6.
Подробнее
65.291
B34
Beketova, K. N.
Corporate social responsibility and prospects for social project management of enterprices. [Текст] / K. N. Beketova, A. Sh. Abdimomynova // Bulletin of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. - 2021. - №1. - P. 219-225
ББК 65.291
Рубрики: management
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
social reponsibility -- enterprise -- design -- external and internal environment -- risks
Аннотация: The concept of social responsibility is the result of the evolution of traditional views on the nature of management due to the assessment of the organization's activities impact on the external environment ; an approach that has shown its effectiveness and efficiency over decades of practice.
Держатели документа:
WKU
Доп.точки доступа:
Abdimomynova, A.Sh.
B34
Beketova, K. N.
Corporate social responsibility and prospects for social project management of enterprices. [Текст] / K. N. Beketova, A. Sh. Abdimomynova // Bulletin of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. - 2021. - №1. - P. 219-225
Рубрики: management
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
social reponsibility -- enterprise -- design -- external and internal environment -- risks
Аннотация: The concept of social responsibility is the result of the evolution of traditional views on the nature of management due to the assessment of the organization's activities impact on the external environment ; an approach that has shown its effectiveness and efficiency over decades of practice.
Держатели документа:
WKU
Доп.точки доступа:
Abdimomynova, A.Sh.
7.
Подробнее
28
K42
Khalmurzayeva, B. A.
Biochemical indicators and application of Cyanobacteria Spirulina Microalgae in the cattle feedstuff. [Текст] / B. A. Khalmurzayeva, B. Sh. Ismailkhodjaev, K. P. Kuatbekova, R. S. Alibekov [et al.] // News of national academy of sciences of the republic of Kazakhstan. . - 2021. - №1. - P. 80-88
ББК 28
Рубрики: Biology
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
antioxidants -- biologically active substances -- cultivation -- genus -- microalgae -- phyto-cultures -- Spirulina
Аннотация: The qualitative and quantitative compositions of the valuable biologically active substances, species and strains of microalgae are related the genus of CyanobacteriaSp.platensis and Sp.labgrinthifosmis that were isolated from local nature and grown in semi-production facilities were considered. In order to adapt for mass cultivation, algae were first grown in greenhouse conditions. The algae were cultivated within 12 days. The produc-tivity in the tubular cultivator with stirring of Sp.platensis was 3.8 g / l, protein (73.0%), and Sp.laberinthiformis was 2.6 g / l of protein (63.1%). Similar studies were carried out in the open-air conditions that showed an increase in the amount of illumination causes a significant restructuring of the entire photosynthetic apparatus of algae. The accumulation of Sp.labyrinthiformis 2.7 g / l a.d.c., protein 62.21%, and Sp.platensis 4.08 g / l, protein 75.3%, were within 10 days. The content of protein and carotenes sharply increases in comparison with the greenhouse conditions. It was found that the addition of Sp.platensis suspension, as a protein-vitamin supplement for the bulls’ feedstuff, stimulates physiological processes that improves the biochemical parameters of their blood, the digestibility coefficient of nutrients by 8-9%, positive mineral balance, increases live weight gain (17.4%) and slaughter yield of the bulls (3.6%). So, the suspension of Sp.platensis is recommended for use as a protein-vitamin supplement in livestock farms that will allow having a significant economic effect in livestock farming, in average 20-25% profits per yearly.
Держатели документа:
WKU
Доп.точки доступа:
Ismailkhodjaev, B. Sh.
Kuatbekova, K. P.
Alibekov, R. S.
Makhatova, A. I.
Meimanbaeva, S. S.
K42
Khalmurzayeva, B. A.
Biochemical indicators and application of Cyanobacteria Spirulina Microalgae in the cattle feedstuff. [Текст] / B. A. Khalmurzayeva, B. Sh. Ismailkhodjaev, K. P. Kuatbekova, R. S. Alibekov [et al.] // News of national academy of sciences of the republic of Kazakhstan. . - 2021. - №1. - P. 80-88
Рубрики: Biology
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
antioxidants -- biologically active substances -- cultivation -- genus -- microalgae -- phyto-cultures -- Spirulina
Аннотация: The qualitative and quantitative compositions of the valuable biologically active substances, species and strains of microalgae are related the genus of CyanobacteriaSp.platensis and Sp.labgrinthifosmis that were isolated from local nature and grown in semi-production facilities were considered. In order to adapt for mass cultivation, algae were first grown in greenhouse conditions. The algae were cultivated within 12 days. The produc-tivity in the tubular cultivator with stirring of Sp.platensis was 3.8 g / l, protein (73.0%), and Sp.laberinthiformis was 2.6 g / l of protein (63.1%). Similar studies were carried out in the open-air conditions that showed an increase in the amount of illumination causes a significant restructuring of the entire photosynthetic apparatus of algae. The accumulation of Sp.labyrinthiformis 2.7 g / l a.d.c., protein 62.21%, and Sp.platensis 4.08 g / l, protein 75.3%, were within 10 days. The content of protein and carotenes sharply increases in comparison with the greenhouse conditions. It was found that the addition of Sp.platensis suspension, as a protein-vitamin supplement for the bulls’ feedstuff, stimulates physiological processes that improves the biochemical parameters of their blood, the digestibility coefficient of nutrients by 8-9%, positive mineral balance, increases live weight gain (17.4%) and slaughter yield of the bulls (3.6%). So, the suspension of Sp.platensis is recommended for use as a protein-vitamin supplement in livestock farms that will allow having a significant economic effect in livestock farming, in average 20-25% profits per yearly.
Держатели документа:
WKU
Доп.точки доступа:
Ismailkhodjaev, B. Sh.
Kuatbekova, K. P.
Alibekov, R. S.
Makhatova, A. I.
Meimanbaeva, S. S.
8.
Подробнее
35
K21
Karmanovskaya , N. V.
Public environmental monitoring of drinking water quality in the city of Norilsk. [Текст] / N. V. Karmanovskaya // News of national academy of sciences of the republic of Kazakhstan. . - 2021. - №1. - P. 104-111
ББК 35
Рубрики: chemical Technology
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
ecological situation -- industrial city -- water supply -- public utilities
Аннотация: According to UN estimates, the shortage of safe drinking water can become one of the most acute and pressing problems. The specificity of this problem for Russia is not a shortage of water resources, but their pollution and ongoing degradation of water bodies. The quality of water is understood as the totality of its properties associated with the nature and concentration of impurities in the water. Water analysis is the only tool for monitoring its condition and properties. During the experiment, a team of researchers took samples of drinking water from the water supply network in various districts of the Norilsk industrial region, studied the dependence of the quality characteristics of water on the location and sampling method. Based on the findings, conclusions on the quality of drinking water were drawn. During the experiment, the authors found that in terms of organoleptic indicators, drinking water in all areas of the NIR meets the requirements of Sanitary Rules and Regulations and GOST. Taking samples at three control points of the Norilsk industrial region, it has been proven that the water is soft and its salt content is mainly due to the presence of hardness salts. Having made the necessary analyses, the authors found that the presence of microorganisms in the water supply network of the NIR is not significant, the permanganate oxidisability indicator does not exceed the requirements of Sanitary Rules and Regulations.
Держатели документа:
WKU
K21
Karmanovskaya , N. V.
Public environmental monitoring of drinking water quality in the city of Norilsk. [Текст] / N. V. Karmanovskaya // News of national academy of sciences of the republic of Kazakhstan. . - 2021. - №1. - P. 104-111
Рубрики: chemical Technology
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
ecological situation -- industrial city -- water supply -- public utilities
Аннотация: According to UN estimates, the shortage of safe drinking water can become one of the most acute and pressing problems. The specificity of this problem for Russia is not a shortage of water resources, but their pollution and ongoing degradation of water bodies. The quality of water is understood as the totality of its properties associated with the nature and concentration of impurities in the water. Water analysis is the only tool for monitoring its condition and properties. During the experiment, a team of researchers took samples of drinking water from the water supply network in various districts of the Norilsk industrial region, studied the dependence of the quality characteristics of water on the location and sampling method. Based on the findings, conclusions on the quality of drinking water were drawn. During the experiment, the authors found that in terms of organoleptic indicators, drinking water in all areas of the NIR meets the requirements of Sanitary Rules and Regulations and GOST. Taking samples at three control points of the Norilsk industrial region, it has been proven that the water is soft and its salt content is mainly due to the presence of hardness salts. Having made the necessary analyses, the authors found that the presence of microorganisms in the water supply network of the NIR is not significant, the permanganate oxidisability indicator does not exceed the requirements of Sanitary Rules and Regulations.
Держатели документа:
WKU
9.
Подробнее
24
M23
Mamyrbekova, А.
Study of kinetics of copper oxidation by electrolysis under non-stationary conditions. [Текст] / А. Mamyrbekova, А. Mamyrbekova, M. К. Kassymova, A. Zh. Aitbayeva, O. N. Chechina // News of national academy of sciences of the republic of Kazakhstan. . - 2021. - №3. - P. 54-59
ББК 24
Рубрики: chemistry
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
copper electro-oxidation -- copper (I) oxide -- copper (II) oxide -- unsteady electrolysis -- electrolyte -- polarisation curves
Аннотация: The nature of the anion electrolyte affects the rate of copper anodic oxidation, while the process occurs more efficiently in solutions of sulfate and sodium chloride and is accompanied by significant polarisation. Based on the study of kinetics the possibility of obtaining powders of metal oxide was shown, which further allowed to determine the parameters of the electrolysis process in non-stationary conditions in order to obtain highly dispersed materials based on copper oxides with specific physico-chemical properties.
Держатели документа:
WKU
Доп.точки доступа:
Mamyrbekova, А.
Kassymova, M.К.
Aitbayeva, A.Zh.
Chechina, O.N.
M23
Mamyrbekova, А.
Study of kinetics of copper oxidation by electrolysis under non-stationary conditions. [Текст] / А. Mamyrbekova, А. Mamyrbekova, M. К. Kassymova, A. Zh. Aitbayeva, O. N. Chechina // News of national academy of sciences of the republic of Kazakhstan. . - 2021. - №3. - P. 54-59
Рубрики: chemistry
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
copper electro-oxidation -- copper (I) oxide -- copper (II) oxide -- unsteady electrolysis -- electrolyte -- polarisation curves
Аннотация: The nature of the anion electrolyte affects the rate of copper anodic oxidation, while the process occurs more efficiently in solutions of sulfate and sodium chloride and is accompanied by significant polarisation. Based on the study of kinetics the possibility of obtaining powders of metal oxide was shown, which further allowed to determine the parameters of the electrolysis process in non-stationary conditions in order to obtain highly dispersed materials based on copper oxides with specific physico-chemical properties.
Держатели документа:
WKU
Доп.точки доступа:
Mamyrbekova, А.
Kassymova, M.К.
Aitbayeva, A.Zh.
Chechina, O.N.
10.
Подробнее
24
C51
Chernyakova, R. M.
Sorption of manganese (II) and vanadium (IV) cations by tagan bentonite in an aqueous medium. [Текст] / R. M. Chernyakova, U. Zh. Jussipbekov, G. Sh. Sultanbayeva, R. A. Kaiynbayeva , N. N. Kozhabekova // News of national academy of sciences of the republic of Kazakhstan. . - 2021. - №4. - P. 68-74
ББК 24
Рубрики: chemistry
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
bentonite -- montmorillonite -- sorption -- desorption -- degree of sorption -- Mn2 +and V4 +cations
Аннотация: the process of sorption of Mn2 +and V4 +cations by bentonite of the Tagan deposit studied depending on various factors (T, oC; τ, min; S: L ratio; CMnand CV, mg/l). It was found that bentonite exhibits sorption properties with respect to the studied cations in a wide range of pH values (from 1 to 10). The highest degree of their sorption is achieved at the consumption of bentonite 1.5 g per 100 mass. p.of metal-containing solution. The influence of the nature of the cation on the sorption capacity of Tagan bentonite was established. The most intense increase in the degree of sorption of manganese (II) occurs in 15 min with an increase in temperature to 35оС.The highest degree of sorption of V4 +cations is achieved in 60 min at 25°C in weakly concentrated vanadium-containing solutions (50 mg/l V4 +). Bentonite from the Tagandeposit exhibits a lower sorption capacity with respect to V4 +cations as compared to Mn2 +cations, which is due to the nature of the cation.
Держатели документа:
WKU
Доп.точки доступа:
Jussipbekov, U.Zh.
Sultanbayeva, G.Sh.
Kaiynbayeva , R.A.
Kozhabekova , N.N.
C51
Chernyakova, R. M.
Sorption of manganese (II) and vanadium (IV) cations by tagan bentonite in an aqueous medium. [Текст] / R. M. Chernyakova, U. Zh. Jussipbekov, G. Sh. Sultanbayeva, R. A. Kaiynbayeva , N. N. Kozhabekova // News of national academy of sciences of the republic of Kazakhstan. . - 2021. - №4. - P. 68-74
Рубрики: chemistry
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
bentonite -- montmorillonite -- sorption -- desorption -- degree of sorption -- Mn2 +and V4 +cations
Аннотация: the process of sorption of Mn2 +and V4 +cations by bentonite of the Tagan deposit studied depending on various factors (T, oC; τ, min; S: L ratio; CMnand CV, mg/l). It was found that bentonite exhibits sorption properties with respect to the studied cations in a wide range of pH values (from 1 to 10). The highest degree of their sorption is achieved at the consumption of bentonite 1.5 g per 100 mass. p.of metal-containing solution. The influence of the nature of the cation on the sorption capacity of Tagan bentonite was established. The most intense increase in the degree of sorption of manganese (II) occurs in 15 min with an increase in temperature to 35оС.The highest degree of sorption of V4 +cations is achieved in 60 min at 25°C in weakly concentrated vanadium-containing solutions (50 mg/l V4 +). Bentonite from the Tagandeposit exhibits a lower sorption capacity with respect to V4 +cations as compared to Mn2 +cations, which is due to the nature of the cation.
Держатели документа:
WKU
Доп.точки доступа:
Jussipbekov, U.Zh.
Sultanbayeva, G.Sh.
Kaiynbayeva , R.A.
Kozhabekova , N.N.
Страница 1, Результатов: 13